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Since its isolation dated back to as far as 1971, palytoxin has all along drawn scientists’ attention from across the world because of its high toxicity and fascinating chemical architecture. Commitment of the international scientific community to the study of this extremely potent non-proteic toxin has led to discover quite a number of palytoxin analogues. Once confined only to tropical and subtropical...
Palytoxin (PLTX) is a marine polyether toxin with a very large and complex molecule that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic areas. It presents the longest continuous carbon atoms chain known to exist in a natural product second only to maitotoxin.This toxin was first isolated from Palythoa toxica and was subsequently reported in dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis. Although PLTX has so far been...
Although known for its acutely toxic action, palytoxin has also been identified as a type of carcinogenic agent called a tumor promoter. In general tumor promoters do not damage DNA, but instead contribute to carcinogenesis by disrupting the regulation of cellular signaling. The identification of palytoxin as a tumor promoter, together with the recognition that the Na + , K + -ATPase...
Palytoxin (PlTX) and palytoxin-like (PlTX-like) compounds in seafood have been raising scientific concern in the last years. The constant increase in record numbers of the causative dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis together with the large spatial expansion of this genus has led to intensification of research towards optimization of methods for determination of PlTX presence and toxicity. In...
Palytoxin (PlTX) is one of the largest compound present in nature and, with its strong ability to modify the normal function of different biological systems, is also classified as one of the most potent biotoxins. Many alterations are triggered by PlTX, directly or indirectly related to its interaction with Na + ,K + -ATPase and the consequent conversion of this ion pump into a non-specific...
Palytoxin and its derivatives have been implicated in toxic events in humans following ingestion or inhalation, and many studies on the toxicities of these substances to animals, via various routes of administration, have been described. In this report, the toxicity of palytoxin to animals has been reviewed, with comments on possible mechanisms of action. Information required for the risk assessment...
Cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure essential for a wide variety of normal cellular processes, including the maintenance of cell shape and morphology, volume regulation, membrane dynamics and signal transduction. Cytoskeleton is organized into microtubules, actin meshwork and intermediate filaments. Actin has been identified as a major target for destruction during apoptosis and is also important...
The dinoflagellate genus, Ostreopsis Schmidt, has an increasingly global distribution. It blooms in temperate to tropical coastal waters, and toxic species are present in all regions in which the genus has been recorded. The distribution has increased markedly in the last decade and associated illnesses have also increased. These trends are likely to continue.
Harmful benthic microalgae blooms represent an emergent phenomenon in temperate zones, causing health, ecological and economic concern. The main goal of this work was to compile records of Ostreopsis at large temporal and spatial scales, in order to study the relationship between cell abundances, the periodicity and intensity of the blooms and the role of sea water temperature in 14 Spanish, French,...
Since the end of the 1990s the occurrence of blooms of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis spp. is spreading in many tropical and temperate regions worldwide, sometimes causing benthonic biocenosis suffering and occasional human distress. Ostreopsis ovata has been found to produce palytoxin-like compounds, a class of highly potent toxins. As general, the highest abundances of Ostreopsis spp. are...
The state of the art of LC-MS of palytoxin and its analogues is reported in the present review. MS data for palytoxin, 42-hydroxy-palytoxin, ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxins, and ovatoxins, obtained using different ionization techniques, namely fast-atom bombardment (FAB), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), and electrospray ionization (ESI), are summarized together with the LC-MS methods...
Palytoxin-group toxins (PlTX) exert their potent biological activity by altering mechanisms of ion homeostasis in excitable and non-excitable tissues. This review will describe major aspects that led to the relatively early identification of the Na + ,K + -ATPase as the molecular target and receptor of the toxin in sensitive systems. The importance of this pump in the normal functioning...
A series of case reports and anecdotal references describe the adverse effects on human health ascribed to the marine toxin palytoxin (PLTX) after different exposure routes. They include poisonings after oral intake of contaminated seafood, but also inhalation and cutaneous/systemic exposures after direct contact with aerosolized seawater during Ostreopsis blooms and/or through maintaining aquaria...
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